General definition
People with such disorders have a number of complaints and physical symptoms, but medical tests conducted did not indicate any organic disease or if disease can not explain their symptoms as the origin of these symptoms is psychological. Usually occur in the doctors' belief that their symptoms are due to physical illness and often do not accept the possibility of a psychological etiology. Symptoms appear during periods of stress.
Many people often have no symptoms of this type that therefore suffer a somatoform disorder. To diagnose this disorder is necessary that the symptoms are severe enough to interfere in the lives of these people (relationships, work, etc) and prevent normal operation.
Some authors believe that the disorder is due to real or imagined rejection by significant others. Continued complaints of pain or physical symptoms would function to get the attention of those people and change their behavior, but this is done unconsciously. However, prolonged unfounded complaints often end up creating more rejection, which in turn aggravate the symptoms. Other authors emphasize
the learning component of this disorder. It has been shown to be more common in people whose fathers or mothers have suffered physical illness (or somatoform disorders) during the patient's childhood, especially if they obtained any benefit from such symptoms. Thus, as children learn a way of behaving that is to use physical symptoms to get attention, affection, avoid stressful situations, etc.
physical and sexual abuse in childhood and a history of family secrets is usually also a history of these disorders. In these cases usually lead to a repression of emotions (for example, when a family denies the existence of abuse and never talk about them), so that conflicts can not be expressed emotionally just being expressed through physical symptoms. Sometimes it is also a way to get help without having to speak or tell what happened, as can happen in cases of sexual abuse in childhood.
In research (Reilly, 1999) compared groups of people without organic disease (non-epileptic seizures and irritable bowel disease) with people with similar symptoms from physical illness (epilepsy and Crohn's disease). Patients in the first group (with both types of symptoms) resembled each other in more abuses reminiscent physical and sexual than the other group. They were also similar with regard to suffer more emotional and social problems and be more oriented toward the disease that the two groups with organic diseases.
somatoform disorders are divided into five main disorders:
Conversion disorder is one or more symptoms that affect sensory or motor function and neurological disease similar but can not be explained by any physical illness. Its appearance is often associated with a stressful event. The episodes are usually brief, recover completely within a month or less. In most cases is not repeated, although sometimes the symptoms may reappear after some time.
symptoms produce significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of life.
Typical symptoms include the following: balance or coordination problems, weakness or paralysis of an arm or leg, loss of sensitivity to touch or pain in one part of the body, convulsions (similar to an epileptic seizure), loss of vision, deafness, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, sensation of a lump in my throat, urinary retention.
Name of this disorder is because these people are making a psychological conflict in an inability to move certain body parts or use the senses normally. For example, the person who loses his voice in a situation where you fear to speak, and the pianist whose hands are paralyzed when he has to act before an audience and this gives her great anxiety. These symptoms can help relieve anxiety (primary gain) and to remove the person from the stressful situation (secondary gain).
This disorder can occur at any age. It is estimated that up to 34% of the conversion experience symptoms throughout their lives, but the disorder tends be more common in people with little education and culture.
must differentiate between the onset of a symptom of conversion and conversion disorders. The difference is that to be considered a disorder, it significantly affect the life or psychological state of the person (eg, hoarseness, which prevents a teacher to teach for a couple of weeks).
As an example of a conversion symptom without repercussions is the case of a woman of 19 who had consistent problems with vision to see objects as if they were surrounded by a circle of light, hard to see the right side of any in order that would set his sight. This symptom lasted half an hour and reacted to it with relative ease.
somatization disorder in the past, this disorder was known as hysteria. Is the emergence of numerous physical symptoms beginning before age 30 and cause a malfunction in the lives of these people. During the medical examination does not show any disease or if you see any not explain all the symptoms. To be diagnosed with the disorder is necessary to meet all these criteria:
- Pain in four different areas (eg head, abdomen, back and chest) or four different functions (Eg, menstrual pain, painful urination, pain during sex, etc.).
- Two gastrointestinal symptoms other than pain (eg nausea and vomiting).
- A sexual and reproductive symptom other than pain.
- A psycho-neurological symptoms (eg, paralysis, aphonia, urinary retention ... psychological in origin.)
Any body part can be affected, and among the symptoms that may occur include: headache, nausea, vomiting, bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, menstrual pain, fatigue, faintness, painful intercourse, loss sexual desire, pain on urination, erection or ejaculation problems, symptoms psychoneurological. It is customary for these people also suffer from anxiety and / or depression.
often describe their symptoms as unbearable or the worst imaginable and often become dependent and manipulative in their relationships and require care and attention, leading to angry if others do not satisfy their needs. They are often not aware that their main problem is psychological and seek medical help. Although sometimes their symptoms are secondary gains report, it is not unusual to feel guilty and doubt their ability and worth.
Case Example: Susan was a girl 15 who had suffered for two years following symptoms: body aches, fatigue, fever, headaches, diarrhea, nausea, joint pain, painful urination and irregular menstruation. Medical tests were normal, not appearing any physical illness. At first denied having a stressful situation or have been victims of psychological trauma.
However, later he decided to reveal a history of sexual abuse by her brother and her mother's partner and domestic violence for years. Her symptoms were due to the intense discomfort of abuse and the climate of violence that would keep secret. Hypochondria
consists of a strong concern for fear bodily functions to acquire or develop a serious disease. To reach these conclusions are based on physical symptoms misinterpret. Your concerns will cause a great emotional distress and have difficulty functioning in a normal way. For example, a 13 year old thought she had cancer because her breasts have developed asymmetrically. It also had the feeling that he liked the hair, which she said, confirming the diagnosis.
These concerns persist despite the doctors assure them who are healthy. They are frequent users of medical services, but often feel dissatisfied with the services rendered or treatment received by health personnel. Usual suffering from any other condition simultaneously, the most common generalized anxiety disorder (71%) followed by dysthymia, major depression, somatization disorder and panic disorder.
Although it is unclear origin, many authors consider that it is a learned behavior in children: These children learn that being in the sick role requires attention and care by other people as well as other secondary gains, such as avoid certain obligations. In other cases, it is children who have been living with sick family members or have faced death and learned to fear more than others and have more in mind that other people the possibility of illness and death.
Some authors explain that these people are less tolerant than other physical symptoms and perceived as exaggerated. For example, which for most people is abdominal pressure for them is pain. Its milder symptoms are interpreted with intense anxiety as evidence that happens or could happen to them very serious. That is, it would be distortions in their thinking, tending to alarmism and exaggeration.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder consists of a great concern with a slight real or imagined physical defect. If such a defect exists, concern and anxiety experienced by these people is excessive because it is perceived in an exaggerated way. For example, a large nose, although normal, may be perceived as vastly disproportionate and cause great emotional distress and rejection in this person.
people are usually insecure, sensitive, obsessive, anxious, narcissistic, introverted and hypochondriacal traits.
's excessive worry can affect your performance at work, study, relationships and other areas of his life. They spend many hours thinking about his alleged defect and looking in the mirror or mirrors completely avoided (or alternate between the two behaviors). Can avoid appearing in public and even go to work. Others leave home only at night or may even not go out at all, which will lead to social isolation. Some have attempted suicide.
body's main areas of concern are skin, face, acne, genital, wrinkles, teeth, chest, buttocks, scars, fine hair, facial asymmetry, excessive facial hair, lips, nose, etc.. In men the main concern is usually focused on the genitals, while women tend to focus your face, hair and chest. They do not usually reveal what happens because they are embarrassed and, at most, say they consider ugly in a general sense, without giving a reason.
The disorder usually begins in adolescence and then decrease with age, although it may become chronic.
Pain Disorder
The main symptom is pain in one or more areas of the body. It is a pain that affects and impedes the functioning of these people in important areas of your life (work, relationships, etc). Sometimes it's a sharp pain, with less than six months, but other times it just becoming chronic.
The most common places where the pain occurs are: head, abdomen, chest and back, but can be affected anywhere in the body. Muscle aches can occur, joint pain, pelvic pain, etc.. Sometimes there is an associated medical condition that explains the pain, but does not explain its severity and disability it causes, and sometimes the pain occurs in the absence of a medical condition that might explain it.
This disorder is fairly common in the general population. In children and adolescents the most common symptom is abdominal pain, which occurs in 10-30% of them. Of this group, 80-90% do not have any organic disorder that might explain the pain.
Evidence of the role of psychological factors
- The pain is usually associated with a stressful event, making these individuals are aware of this fact can relieve symptoms.
- The pain increases with increasing stress.
- and relieved the stress disappear.
- Disability expressing is exaggerated compared to the pain of that report.
- Existence of a benefit of your symptoms (secondary gain).
People with such disorders have a number of complaints and physical symptoms, but medical tests conducted did not indicate any organic disease or if disease can not explain their symptoms as the origin of these symptoms is psychological. Usually occur in the doctors' belief that their symptoms are due to physical illness and often do not accept the possibility of a psychological etiology. Symptoms appear during periods of stress.
Many people often have no symptoms of this type that therefore suffer a somatoform disorder. To diagnose this disorder is necessary that the symptoms are severe enough to interfere in the lives of these people (relationships, work, etc) and prevent normal operation.
Some authors believe that the disorder is due to real or imagined rejection by significant others. Continued complaints of pain or physical symptoms would function to get the attention of those people and change their behavior, but this is done unconsciously. However, prolonged unfounded complaints often end up creating more rejection, which in turn aggravate the symptoms. Other authors emphasize
the learning component of this disorder. It has been shown to be more common in people whose fathers or mothers have suffered physical illness (or somatoform disorders) during the patient's childhood, especially if they obtained any benefit from such symptoms. Thus, as children learn a way of behaving that is to use physical symptoms to get attention, affection, avoid stressful situations, etc.
physical and sexual abuse in childhood and a history of family secrets is usually also a history of these disorders. In these cases usually lead to a repression of emotions (for example, when a family denies the existence of abuse and never talk about them), so that conflicts can not be expressed emotionally just being expressed through physical symptoms. Sometimes it is also a way to get help without having to speak or tell what happened, as can happen in cases of sexual abuse in childhood.
In research (Reilly, 1999) compared groups of people without organic disease (non-epileptic seizures and irritable bowel disease) with people with similar symptoms from physical illness (epilepsy and Crohn's disease). Patients in the first group (with both types of symptoms) resembled each other in more abuses reminiscent physical and sexual than the other group. They were also similar with regard to suffer more emotional and social problems and be more oriented toward the disease that the two groups with organic diseases.
somatoform disorders are divided into five main disorders:
Conversion disorder is one or more symptoms that affect sensory or motor function and neurological disease similar but can not be explained by any physical illness. Its appearance is often associated with a stressful event. The episodes are usually brief, recover completely within a month or less. In most cases is not repeated, although sometimes the symptoms may reappear after some time.
symptoms produce significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of life.
Typical symptoms include the following: balance or coordination problems, weakness or paralysis of an arm or leg, loss of sensitivity to touch or pain in one part of the body, convulsions (similar to an epileptic seizure), loss of vision, deafness, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, sensation of a lump in my throat, urinary retention.
Name of this disorder is because these people are making a psychological conflict in an inability to move certain body parts or use the senses normally. For example, the person who loses his voice in a situation where you fear to speak, and the pianist whose hands are paralyzed when he has to act before an audience and this gives her great anxiety. These symptoms can help relieve anxiety (primary gain) and to remove the person from the stressful situation (secondary gain).
This disorder can occur at any age. It is estimated that up to 34% of the conversion experience symptoms throughout their lives, but the disorder tends be more common in people with little education and culture.
must differentiate between the onset of a symptom of conversion and conversion disorders. The difference is that to be considered a disorder, it significantly affect the life or psychological state of the person (eg, hoarseness, which prevents a teacher to teach for a couple of weeks).
As an example of a conversion symptom without repercussions is the case of a woman of 19 who had consistent problems with vision to see objects as if they were surrounded by a circle of light, hard to see the right side of any in order that would set his sight. This symptom lasted half an hour and reacted to it with relative ease.
somatization disorder in the past, this disorder was known as hysteria. Is the emergence of numerous physical symptoms beginning before age 30 and cause a malfunction in the lives of these people. During the medical examination does not show any disease or if you see any not explain all the symptoms. To be diagnosed with the disorder is necessary to meet all these criteria:
- Pain in four different areas (eg head, abdomen, back and chest) or four different functions (Eg, menstrual pain, painful urination, pain during sex, etc.).
- Two gastrointestinal symptoms other than pain (eg nausea and vomiting).
- A sexual and reproductive symptom other than pain.
- A psycho-neurological symptoms (eg, paralysis, aphonia, urinary retention ... psychological in origin.)
Any body part can be affected, and among the symptoms that may occur include: headache, nausea, vomiting, bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, menstrual pain, fatigue, faintness, painful intercourse, loss sexual desire, pain on urination, erection or ejaculation problems, symptoms psychoneurological. It is customary for these people also suffer from anxiety and / or depression.
often describe their symptoms as unbearable or the worst imaginable and often become dependent and manipulative in their relationships and require care and attention, leading to angry if others do not satisfy their needs. They are often not aware that their main problem is psychological and seek medical help. Although sometimes their symptoms are secondary gains report, it is not unusual to feel guilty and doubt their ability and worth.
Case Example: Susan was a girl 15 who had suffered for two years following symptoms: body aches, fatigue, fever, headaches, diarrhea, nausea, joint pain, painful urination and irregular menstruation. Medical tests were normal, not appearing any physical illness. At first denied having a stressful situation or have been victims of psychological trauma.
However, later he decided to reveal a history of sexual abuse by her brother and her mother's partner and domestic violence for years. Her symptoms were due to the intense discomfort of abuse and the climate of violence that would keep secret. Hypochondria
consists of a strong concern for fear bodily functions to acquire or develop a serious disease. To reach these conclusions are based on physical symptoms misinterpret. Your concerns will cause a great emotional distress and have difficulty functioning in a normal way. For example, a 13 year old thought she had cancer because her breasts have developed asymmetrically. It also had the feeling that he liked the hair, which she said, confirming the diagnosis.
These concerns persist despite the doctors assure them who are healthy. They are frequent users of medical services, but often feel dissatisfied with the services rendered or treatment received by health personnel. Usual suffering from any other condition simultaneously, the most common generalized anxiety disorder (71%) followed by dysthymia, major depression, somatization disorder and panic disorder.
Although it is unclear origin, many authors consider that it is a learned behavior in children: These children learn that being in the sick role requires attention and care by other people as well as other secondary gains, such as avoid certain obligations. In other cases, it is children who have been living with sick family members or have faced death and learned to fear more than others and have more in mind that other people the possibility of illness and death.
Some authors explain that these people are less tolerant than other physical symptoms and perceived as exaggerated. For example, which for most people is abdominal pressure for them is pain. Its milder symptoms are interpreted with intense anxiety as evidence that happens or could happen to them very serious. That is, it would be distortions in their thinking, tending to alarmism and exaggeration.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder consists of a great concern with a slight real or imagined physical defect. If such a defect exists, concern and anxiety experienced by these people is excessive because it is perceived in an exaggerated way. For example, a large nose, although normal, may be perceived as vastly disproportionate and cause great emotional distress and rejection in this person.
people are usually insecure, sensitive, obsessive, anxious, narcissistic, introverted and hypochondriacal traits.
's excessive worry can affect your performance at work, study, relationships and other areas of his life. They spend many hours thinking about his alleged defect and looking in the mirror or mirrors completely avoided (or alternate between the two behaviors). Can avoid appearing in public and even go to work. Others leave home only at night or may even not go out at all, which will lead to social isolation. Some have attempted suicide.
body's main areas of concern are skin, face, acne, genital, wrinkles, teeth, chest, buttocks, scars, fine hair, facial asymmetry, excessive facial hair, lips, nose, etc.. In men the main concern is usually focused on the genitals, while women tend to focus your face, hair and chest. They do not usually reveal what happens because they are embarrassed and, at most, say they consider ugly in a general sense, without giving a reason.
The disorder usually begins in adolescence and then decrease with age, although it may become chronic.
Pain Disorder
The main symptom is pain in one or more areas of the body. It is a pain that affects and impedes the functioning of these people in important areas of your life (work, relationships, etc). Sometimes it's a sharp pain, with less than six months, but other times it just becoming chronic.
The most common places where the pain occurs are: head, abdomen, chest and back, but can be affected anywhere in the body. Muscle aches can occur, joint pain, pelvic pain, etc.. Sometimes there is an associated medical condition that explains the pain, but does not explain its severity and disability it causes, and sometimes the pain occurs in the absence of a medical condition that might explain it.
This disorder is fairly common in the general population. In children and adolescents the most common symptom is abdominal pain, which occurs in 10-30% of them. Of this group, 80-90% do not have any organic disorder that might explain the pain.
Evidence of the role of psychological factors
- The pain is usually associated with a stressful event, making these individuals are aware of this fact can relieve symptoms.
- The pain increases with increasing stress.
- and relieved the stress disappear.
- Disability expressing is exaggerated compared to the pain of that report.
- Existence of a benefit of your symptoms (secondary gain).
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